http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/xmlui/handle/123456789/127 Tue, 07 Apr 2026 01:55:59 GMT 2026-04-07T01:55:59Z http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/xmlui/handle/123456789/3576 Maulana Mohamed Ali Jauhar and Indian Independence: An Evaluation of his Contribution Ahmed, Imtiaz The present research work examines Maulana Mohamed Ali Jauhar’s role in the Indian independence movement and his contribution to it. Contextually it covers different aspects of his life and career. Mohamed Ali’s interest in politics blossomed while he was in the civil service with the desire to serve his community and country. With this object in view he switched to journalism and published two newspapers The Comrade in English and The Humdard in Urdu. He formally began his political career by joining the All India Muslim League in 1906. As a member of the League he participated in its different sessions and gave his considered view vis-a-vis the interest of the Indian Muslims. Simultaneously he also advocated for reconciliation of mutual differences between the Hindus and the Muslims for national coherence. At the outset, Mohamed Ali’s attitude towards the British government was appeasing for he considered their connection beneficial to the interest of the Indian Muslims. However, his stance changed when the British government pursued policies inimical to the interest of the Muslims at home and abroad. This was manifested when he began to express concern on those issues through his journalism. The British government considered his action injurious to the interest of the authority and arrested him amid the First World War. During imprisonment, Mohamed Ali became more devoted to Islam and an exponent of the Ottoman Khilafat which Britian and her allies decided to amputate at the end of the First World War. Soon after release from prison Mohamed Ali joined the Indian National Congress and participated in the movement for the preservation of the Khilafat. The movement gained momentum when M.K.Gandhi corroborated the vii Khilafat cause for the attainment of Swaraj (self-rule). Realising the significance of the co-operation with the Hindus and their support for the Khilafat issue and achieving India’s freedom Mohamed Ali followed M.K.Gandhi’s lead.The combination of these two movements generated unprecedented unity and solidarity between the Hindus and the Muslims. Nevertheless, this communal honeymoon did not last long. When Mohamed Ali and M.K.Gandhi were arrested, the movement crumbled affecting the communal harmony. The relation between Mohamed Ali and M.K.Gandhi also became strained because of Gandhi’s reluctance to diffuse communal tension. Moreover, at this time M.K.Gandhi’s temporary withdrawal from politics paved the way for the Hindu Mahasabha an extremist Hindu organisation to extend its influence in politics. This was evident in the landslide victory of the Hindu Mahasabha over the Indian National Congress in the general elections of 1926. Henceforth, Indian National Congress became subservient to the policies of the Hindu Mahasabha. The transformation of the Indian National Congress was manifested in 1928, when as against the Simon Commission a Conference of the All Indian Parties appointed a committee under the chairmanship of Motilal Nehru to draft a new constitution for India. The draft published known as Nehru Report ignored the Muslim demands. Mohamed Ali opposed the Report vehemently, but it was approved as desired by the Hindu Mahasabha. He blamed Pandit Motilal Nehru and M.K. Gandhi for not using their influence, and finally left the Indian National Congress Party. In 1931, Mohamed Ali joined the Round Table Conference in London where he revealed his concept of independent India. He held that, India would be a composite nation with federal type of government, where all nationalities would be treated justly and equally and the protection of their interest would be guaranteed, dispelling the fear of domination of viii any community. This was the last bid for Maulana Mohamed Ali Jauhar in the struggle for Indian independence, because very soon later he died in London on 4 January 1931 and was buried in Jerusalem. This remarkable pioneer of the Indian independence struggle held high his spirit of independence by expressly making it a point to be buried in the holy land of Palestine in preference to his motherland i.e. India then under British subjugation. A Thesis submitted to The University of Dhaka for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Islamic History and Culture. Thu, 06 Feb 2025 00:00:00 GMT http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/xmlui/handle/123456789/3576 2025-02-06T00:00:00Z http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/xmlui/handle/123456789/3479 বাংলায় নারী শিক্ষার প্রসারে ব্যক্তি ও বেসরকারি উদ্যোগ (১৮৪৯-১৯৪৭) [Individual and Non-Governmental Initiatives for the Promotion of Female Education in Bengal (1849-1947)] বানু, আলো আরজুমান ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় পিএইচ.ডি. ডিগ্রীর জন্য উপস্থাপিত অভিসন্দর্ভ। Thu, 21 Nov 2024 00:00:00 GMT http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/xmlui/handle/123456789/3479 2024-11-21T00:00:00Z http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/xmlui/handle/123456789/2849 The Role of the Shari’ah Board in the Islamic Banking Industry of Bangladesh Islam, Md. Thowhidul Islamic banking has now become an integrated part of global financial industry with a remarkable growth rate. The main distinguishing feature of Islamic banking system is the compliance of all of its products, services and arrangements with the principles and values laid down by Shari’ah. Shari’ah-compliance is the single most important motivation for choosing Islamic banking by its clients and stakeholders. To ensure this Shari’ahcompliance, every Islamic bank is required to establish a Shari’ah Board with adequate mandated authority to perform its role. Identifying the governance function and role of Shari’ah board based on Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) and Islamic Financial Service Board (IFSB) standards, this study empirically investigates the crucial issues regarding the role, independence, accountability and effectiveness of the Shari’ah Board in the Islamic banking industry of Bangladesh. Eight full-fledged Islamic banks of Bangladesh were taken as the sample and both primary and secondary data were used for the study. Two separate questionnaire surveys were conducted. One was distributed among the members of Shari’ah Board with the aim of assessing the current Shari’ah governance practices by the Shari’ah Boards. The second was distributed among the branch managers of Islamic banks operating in Bangladesh with a view to ascertain their expectations regarding the issues under investigation surrounding the role of Shari’ah board. Besides reviewing a good number of related literatures, standards and guidelines of AAOIFI, IFSB, Bangladesh Bank and sample institutions were evaluated with a view to examining the legal framework of governance function of the Shari’ah Boards. It is observed that the guidelines of Bangladesh Bank for Islamic banks in Bangladesh, as the principal regulatory authority, are not comprehensive and moderate compared with the AAOIFI and IFSB standards. There is no mandatory requirement for Islamic banks in Bangladesh to comply their regulations with that of AAOIFI and IFSB standards. The results of this study indicate that the Shari’ah Boards mostly perform traditional advisory role that include advising the board of directors on Shari’ah issues, providing training to the Shari’ah department officers, preparing Shari’ah-compliance manual, examining Shari’ahcompliance by auditing the activities of bank etc. But, it has no significant contribution in determining bank’s strategic issues, i.e. designing corporate objectives. In regard to the development of Islamic banking products, the boards’ involvement seem to be limited to the conceptual, designing, implementation and review stages; but not the technical aspects such as pricing, marketing etc. On the other hand, Shari’ah Boards’ involvement in accounting related issues such as profit distribution, Zakat calculation etc. was found significant in most of the banks. Additionally, Shari’ah Boards are frequent in publishing Shari’ah reports, resolutions and responding to queries. This study reveals that personal integrity and fiduciary duties are simultaneously important in determining the accountability and independence of Shari’ah Board. The ethical value, reputation and scholarly background of Shari’ah Board members, were found to be important in influencing its accountability and independence. All of the banks have ‘fit and proper’ criteria in appointing Shari’ah Board member as suggested by Bangladesh Bank, but in practice these aren’t maintained properly. The Shari’ah Boards have not been given adequate power to undertake its duties independently and effectively. It has no power to stop the bank from undertaking non-Shari’ah-compliant transactions. There is no reporting channel for any possible conflict between the Shari’ah Board and board of directors or management. Interestingly, Shari’ah Boards were also perceived by branch managers of not providing the required level of involvement. Although Shari’ah Boards were found to be the sole authority for Shari’ah review function, but they have not been prescribed appropriate operative procedures. However, the Shari’ah reviews were found not to be effectively implemented by the management and thus, raising concern regarding the quality of the Shari’ah reports. There is also lack of adequate guidelines issued by Bangladesh Bank. Despite these deficiencies, Most of the Shari’ah Boards receive professional support, ample time and direct access to information for Shari’ah review and undertaking its duties. The study provided some recommendations to ensure independent and effective role of Shari’ah boards of Islamic banks in Bangladesh. The recommendations include: to develop a single set of comprehensive rules and regulations regarding the Shari’ah-compliance based on AAOIFI and IFSB standards and make it mandatory for all Islamic banks to comply with; to monitor its strict implementation by Bangladesh Bank to develop the confidence of stakeholders; to formulate a complete ‘term of reference’ for Shari’ah Board to run the Shari’ah governance function effectively; to mandate the board with adequate power to perform its duty independently; to maintain the ‘fit and proper’ qualification criterion in appointing Shari’ah Board member; to compose Shari’ah Board with various experts of related disciplines; to uphold an effective mechanism for Shari’ah Board to offer its advice to the board of directors and management of the bank on Shari’ah matters; to encompass the accounting, strategic and technical issues within the role of Shari’ah board; to provide effective support to Shari’ah Board from all the concerned parties within the bank; to develop an active communication channel among the Shari’ah board, management of the bank and Bangladesh Bank to ensure effective Shari’ah compliance; to disclose all the Shari’ah issues as suggested by AAOIFI and IFSB in the Shari’ah compliance report or annual report of the bank; and to initiate programs by the regulatory authorities for producing competent Shari’ah scholars and develop knowledge and skill of Shari’ah Board members. A Thesis Submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at University of Dhaka. Tue, 12 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/xmlui/handle/123456789/2849 2023-12-12T00:00:00Z http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/xmlui/handle/123456789/2828 রংপুরের স্থাপত্যিক ঐতিহ্য: একটি সামাজিক ও সাংস্কৃতিক অধ্যয়ন (Architectural Heritage of Rangpur: A Socio-cultural Study) নিপা, নাদিয়া ফারজানা ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে পিএইচডি ডিগ্রীর জন্য উপস্থাপিত অভিসন্দর্ভ। Tue, 05 Dec 2023 00:00:00 GMT http://reposit.library.du.ac.bd:8080/xmlui/xmlui/handle/123456789/2828 2023-12-05T00:00:00Z