Effect of Magnetic Particles on Biomagnetic Fluid Flow through Stretched Cylindrical Surface

Abstract

Biomagnetic fluid dynamics (BFD) of liquids containing magnetic particles is a promising method for magnetic drug targeting, gene delivery, the development of magnetic devices, electromagnetic hyperthermia in cancer treatment, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Developing a BFD model for fluids with magnetic particles is crucial to provide medical professionals with a second viewpoint. Here, we focus on theoretical and computational investigations of two-dimensional, steady–unsteady, viscous, incompressible, laminar biomagnetic fluid flow and heat transfer involving magnetic particles (Fe3O4, CoFe2O4, Mn ZnFe2O4) over stretching and shrinking cylindrical surfaces under an applied magnetic field. Considering the intricate interactions between intercellular proteins, membranes, and hemoglobin, blood was considered as the base fluid. BFD flow and heat transfer with magnetic particles over a stretching cylinder under the influence of a magnetic dipole are performed throughout the study. The governing mathematical formulation considers the effects of electrical conductivity and magnetization caused by the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and ferrohydrodynamics (FHD) principles, respectively. We also treat the blood flow through a stretching cylinder with MHD and FHD interactions, considering both time-dependent and time-independent cases. The effects of varying fluid parameters, such as ferromagnetic interaction parameter, magnetic field parameter, curvature parameter, particle volume fraction, thermal radiation, etc., were also examined for both stretching and shrinking scenarios. Additionally, we numerically examined the two-dimensional BFD flow, in two specific scenarios: pure blood flow and blood that contains particles in cylindrical geometries under various conditions. The research encompasses several critical chapters, each focusing on distinct interactions and behaviors of biomagnetic fluids in the presence of magnetic fields. At first, we examine the mechanisms of blood–Fe3O4 under FHD and MHD interactions generated by a stretched cylinder, revealing significant alterations in flow characteristics and heat transfer efficiency. We then expand by investigating the flow and heat transfer dynamics of a blood–CoFe2O4 mixture around a rotating stretchable cylinder subjected to a strong magnetic field, and find enhanced thermal conductivity and flow stability. Due to their extreme nonlinearity, finding exact solutions to the governing mathematical equations is still challenging. Researchers have suggested various similarity methods to address this issue, and it has been established that similarity methods are the most effective analytical tools for solving nonlinear partial differential equations. Through similarity transformations, the boundary layer equations related to the boundary conditions are iv converted into a system of non-linear ordinary differential equations. Considering this, we also used group theoretical approaches, such as the one-parameter and two-parameter group techniques, to solve boundary value problems. The steady flow of blood–Mn–ZnFe2O4 past a cylinder considering the FHD concept is analyzed using the one-parameter group technique, which sheds light on the parametric flow behavior. Later on, we employ a two-parameter group theoretical technique to discuss unsteady blood flow with differently shaped magnetic particles considering MHD and FHD interactions, which advances to how particle morphology affects thermal characteristics and flow stability. A dual solution along with stability analysis of the blood–Mn–ZnFe2O4 flow under a magnetic dipole across a shrinking cylinder is also explored. Finally, we examine the intricacies of thermal profiles and flow patterns via a non-similar solution for biomagnetic fluid flow with magnetic particles along an inclined stretched cylinder with sinusoidal surface temperature and magnetic dipole. The findings of all of the problems considered provide important new findings about the behavior of biomagnetic fluids and lay groundwork for further studies and possible applications in heat management, material processing, and biomedical engineering. We used two methods by which previous researchers have tackled the above problems numerically: two-point boundary value technique based on a common finite difference method with central differencing, tridiagonal matrix manipulation, and an iterative procedure, and MATLAB-based bvp4c functions. The numerical results were obtained for fluid velocity, temperature, pressure, and physical quantities like skin friction coefficient, wall pressure gradient, and heat transfer rate. Before moving on to numerical solutions, we contrasted our study with previous research. Once we had good accuracy between studies, we moved on to the in-depth results. The numerical results show that the presence of a magnetic dipole, which generates a magnetic field strong enough to saturate the biofluid, substantially impacts the properties of blood-containing magnetic particles.